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Brief History
Before the Qing Dynasty, a regime called the 'Latter Jin' was in place. Nurhachu, who was the man that set up the regime, proclaimed himself emperor in 1616. The 'Latter Jin' was founded during the rule of Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty. In 1636, Huang Taiji, who was the son of Nurhachu moved the capital to Shenyang and changed the regime title into 'Qing'. This was the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. In 1644 when Li Zicheng ended the Ming Dynasty and set up a new regime in Beijing, the Qing army got a general named Wu Sangui to rebel against Li Zicheng. With Wu, the Qing army successfully captured Beijing and continued there regime there.

Society and Culture
During the Qing Dynasty the population and territory of China grew enormously. To prevent conflicts between different classes, the Qing Dynasty made agricultural programs such as, rewarding land-cultivation and reducing taxes.With these changes the Qing Dynasty recieved a great period of prosperity. The good times carried on with the ruling of the emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. The grand power became more centralized and social order became more fair. The arts also flourished in this period. Paintings, literature and opera became more popular. As for the people, they were strictly enforced to abide by the Manchu hair and dress. They required the Chinese men to shave their heads. If they didn't obbey there head would be decapitated. Although the Qing Dynasty was strict with hair and dress they did allow the growth and decoration of finger nails, which showed the potential for one's virility and wisdom.

Ai Qing
Ai QIng (Ai Ch'ing) was a chinese poet during the Qing Dynasty. His "free verse" influenced xinshi or new poetry. He studied in Paris, had an appreciation for "Western Literature", and was imprisoned for his political views. He began writting poetry while he was imprisoned. His poetry expressed his concern for the common wealth of China's people. His first collection of verses was called "Dayanhe". He eventually traveled to Yan'an and was taught about literature by Mao Zedong who was a Chinese Communist Party leader. In his lifetime, Ai Qing published many other volumes such as Kuangye (WiIderness), Xiang taiyang (Toward the Sun), and Beifang (North). He used his poetry to express himself politically and become what is called a "social critic"

Reef
A wave, a wave Endless flutter over Each wave of the foot in it Was labeled foam pieces, spread out ... ... It's face and body The same as the knifed-off But it is still standing there With smile, looking at sea ... ...

Dream
Waking hours Only fantasy The dream is visiting at the time asleep Perhaps childhood childhood Perhaps there is a friend from afar

Steel bed with pain Huan pile of rice straw have met Scarce, the gift When the stolen wealth

Not a false alarm Is something missing

Fish fossil
What a lively action, energy, how vigorous, jumping in the waves, drifting in the sea; Unfortunately encountered volcanic eruptions, earthquakes may be, you lose the freedom to be embedded in the dust; After a number of million years, geological survey team found in the rocks you still vivid. But you are silent, not even sigh, scales and fins are complete, but not move; You absolutely still, no response to external, visible day and the water, hear the sound waves. Gazing at a fossil fool has learned the lesson: to leave the movement, no life. Live to fight, the fight forward, when the death did not come to play a clean energy.

Economy, Industry and Trade
The economy of China during the Qing Dynasty was a farming ecomony. Eighty percent of the population of China lived in the countryside so for most people farming was there way of life. Even though China at this time didn't fit the image of a modern industrial economy, there were an increase in the number of markets around. There was some international trade in the Qing dynasty as well. Amoung some of the items exported during this time was porcelain, textiles, tea, paper, sugar and steel.

Technology, Science and Engineering
Until the end of the 18th century, China was much more advanced than the west with technology.The Chinese were skilled in papermaking and were responsible for the expansion of printing production. Though the west showed the Chinese upper class inventions like watches and astronomincal iventions, they were amazed with the high standards of Chinese medicine. Chinese painters and musicians took on European styles of art. The west was inspired by technically improved objects like suspension-bridges with iron chains, a push cart with a sail, rotating de-spelting machines, magnetism, and much more. =Military and Foreign Policy= The foreign policy of China during the Qing dynasty was to make everyone treat the Emperor like the Son of Heaven and not acknowledge other countries as being equal to China. The Qing Dynasty was one of the best around militarily. The Banner system was developed by the Manchu leader Nurhachi, who organized his warriors into four groups of 300 men each. The groups were distinguished by banners of different colors—yellow, red, white, and blue. In 1615 four more banners were added, using the same colors bordered in red, the red banner being bordered in white. This system worked well for the Qing Dynasty.

List of Emperors in the Qing Dynasty
Reign Time (years) 1 Emperor Taizu (Nurhachu) Founder of the Latter Jin regime which later turned into the Qing regime; He created the military organization called Banner System. 1616 - 1626 2 Emperor Taizong (Huang Taiji) The eighth son of Nurhachu; actually the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He moved the capital to Shenyang. 1626 - 1643 3 Emperor Shunzhi (Fulin) Son of Huang Taiji; In his reign, the Qing army defeated the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and moved the capital into Beijing. 1643 - 1661 4 Emperor Kangxi (Xuanye) The third son of Emperor Shunzhi; One of the greatest emperors in the Qing Dynasty; His reign was the beginning of the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. 1661 - 1722 5 Emperor Yongzheng (Yinzhen) The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi; A fairly wise and competent emperor who maintained the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty 1722 - 1735 6 Emperor Qianlong (Hongli) Son of Emperor Yongzheng; Inheriting the prosperity brought by his predecessors, his reign reached the zenith of the Qing Dynasty. 1735 - 1796 7 Emperor Jiaqing (Yongyun) Son of Emperor Qianlong; He prosecuted the infamous corrupt official, He Shen, who used to be a favorite chancellor of Emperor Qianlong. 1796 - 1820 8 Emperor Daoguang (Minning) Son of Emperor Jiaqing; His reign saw the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1840, from which China entered the modern history. 1820 - 1850 9 Emperor Xianfeng (Yizhu) Son of Emperor Daoguang; In his reign, the Qing Dynasty apparently began to decline. The well-known Taiping Rebellion broke out in that period. 1850 - 1861 10 Emperor Tongzhi (Zaichun) Son of Emperor Xianfeng and Empress Dowager Cixi: died early 1861 - 1875 11 Emperor Guangxu (Zaitian) Grandson of Emperor Daoguang; a progressive emperor who tried lots of methods to save the declining Qing Dynasty 1875 - 1908 12 Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the last feudal monarch of China; He was imprisoned at Shenyang till 1959 when Chairman Mao remitted him. 1908 – 1911



Sites [] [] [] __**http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/39History2602.html **__ __**http://my.opera.com/sbmboy/blog/2010/09/20/ai-qing-poetry **__
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